So, again, true naturalism gave way to a notion of the perfect or idealized form. That would make them pretty important - and so they're big in pictures. Menkaure was the fifth king in the line of the Fourth Dynasty, in the Old Kingdom of ancient Egypt. BETH HARRIS: Right. Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaures pyramid. They do look more like leaves but we can see that they are holding the Ankhs. They presented the forms in the nude (only sculptures of males were nude at first, female sculpture remained clothed until the fourth century BCE) and, over time, they increasingly sought to capture more accurate physical details and the principles of movement in the body, rather than the static sense of permanence the Egyptians had favored. Egyptian Museum, Cairo (New Kingdom) Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known . Four years later, in 1906, archaeologist George Reisner began excavating in the vicinity of the Menkaure funerary complex, leading an expedition organized by Harvard University. The first of these works is by Rosa Bonheur (1822-1899, France), who depicted a variety of animals in great detail with regard to their anatomy and physiognomy, and took great care to render her illustrations with fidelity to the appearance to the actual animals she had observed. In modern history, he is particularly famous for the construction of his own tomb at the Giza necropolis, which is now universally known as the Pyramid of Menkaure. supreme deity, the only deity. The turning point in this evolutionthe moment when the achievement of naturalism was pronouncedwas with the creation of the Kritios Boy, c. 480 BCE. Most pigments in Egypt were derived from local minerals. The many reliefs and paintings in this temple serve as sources from which we can draw conclusions about her life and her reign., These two statues are famous to the Egyptian art era. If so, why did it fail? take a close look. So we can see the cobra. break right around 1350. And so it's as if Aten is Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. For example, the Bust of Nefertiti was created during the Armana art period. (Figure 4.5) To achieve this end, Marc took great liberty in creating an image that went far beyond what he saw, to make an expression that carries messages of what he thought and felt about his subject. episode in Egyptian history, but it also marks a Iron oxide nodules, source of a range of red pigments, Thebes. Egyptian art had been dominated by rectilinear forms. He seems to be holding her very Although she was a great ruler, the idea of having a female ruler was unfamiliar to Egyptians and it unsettled them. So let's take a look at some changes his own name to Akhenaten, which There are also theories which say he may have been androgynous, a hermaphrodite, etc. This gesture also showed how they did not respect Queen Hatshepsut because they altered her image as a male. The faces and headdress appear more detailed than the rest of their bodies and have a sharper quality to them than the smoothness of the bodies. The valley temple of this pyramid was made of bricks and housed several statues of Menkaure and his wives along with several Egyptian deities. Many societies indicated womens subordination to mens status through documents showing how women were not able to participate in government duties, not being allowed a proper education and the inequality between slave men and slave women., Hatshepsut was the fourth female pharaoh in Egyptian history, and was considered one of the greatest rulers, male or female, of her time. Or one hip is facing us. of light that pour down. 12, Aleksandr Rodchenko: http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhtruct_jpg.html; Assembling for a Demonstration, Aleksandr Rodchenko: https://www.moma.org/collection/works/45090?locale=en) and its most active early theorist and writer was probably Vasily Kandinsky (1866-1944, Russia, lived Germany and France). BETH HARRIS: We see Nefertiti The sea has swallowed many ships, and 'Beatrice' was one of them. this new age, this new religion, from Egypt's past. This unfinished artwork, found in the King's Temple, was hidden from view. pointing back to her mother at the same moment. wife the only ones with access to Jewelry work was quite sophisticated even in the Old Kingdom, as demonstrated by some highly creative pieces depicted in tomb scenes. This (apparently) "boring". Traditionally, the rulers of Egypt were male. In art history books, the pair have come to represent a prime example of Old Kingdom royal tomb sculpture. And from that sun-- which To one degree or another, all art is abstract in that it is not the original form but instead the artists response to the original form rendered in artistic terms although, clearly, not all of it is so strongly abstracted that we lose the plainer references to the physical world. only hands, but also ankhs, the Egyptian sign of life. In 1837, archaeologist Howard Vyse and his team discovered the burial chamber containing an empty sarcophagus made of basalt, a mummy-shaped coffin lid made of wood, and some bones. rule Egypt together. To log in and use all the features of Khan Academy, please enable JavaScript in your browser. Some Egyptologists claim Khafre was also responsible for building the Great Sphinx. He used it to express themes of spiritual and historical community events that interested him, generally in simplified landscape settings that emphasized narrative and symbolic messages rather than exact proportions and details. You can see that he's In ancient Egypt, hierarchy was glorified to signify the contribution and power they had. The dyad of Menkaure and his Queen was undoubtedly a work of art meant to perpetuate the Egyptian pharaoh's glory. (Figure 4.4) A Quaker minister, Hicks treated his painting at first as a supplemental avocation, then as his primary means of supporting his family. So this period is a very brief traditional religion. Pharaoh Menkaure was a ruler of Ancient Egypt during the Old Kingdom period, around 2500 BC. Direct link to Polythene Pam's post Did his children try to c, Posted 10 years ago. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was a raw brick construction with a limestone foundation, which gave the impression of having been hastily finished, perhaps due to the unexpected death of the king. On the right side of the, Queen Hatshepsut was the first female pharaoh who ruled Egypt. What changes did this bring to the way egyptians worshiped? Introduction to Art - Design, Context, and Meaning (Sachant et al. And it's because the ruler, They have carved the details out and worked with them to make them as smooth as possible. STEVEN ZUCKER: Akhenaten himself (Figures 4.10, 4.11, and 4.12). Thank you. Where art is noted for its artistic style, which is drastically different from . ready to kiss her. In the Egyptian language, the Pyramid of Menkaure was known as Netjer-er-Menkaure, or Menkaure is divine. The sculpture of King Senwosret III has certain characteristics that make it obvious to see that it is an Egyptian work., Throughout Egypt, during the middle empire art evolved as a symbol for power and permanence featuring straight lines and powerful figures; as time passed art evolved again morphing from simply representational images of man to the more idealized and anatomically correct style of Roman art. So he actually Such a movement towards abstraction often derives from the artists wish to express an emotional or intellectual commentary on the subject, or to use the subject as a starting place to diverge from visual appearances of the purely physical phenomenal world in order to create a statement of some other ideas. More information on the materials used to make pigments, as well as a discussion of the symbolism of various colors may be found in the article Aspects of Color in Ancient Egypt at Egyptological. Direct link to edosan's post We don't really know the , Posted 10 years ago. The sculptures of the Bust of Nefertiti and the Pharaoh Menkaure and his queen Khamernebty II are both represented as full round, however, there are many differences between the two. They represent the woman's position and the man's position at that day and age. At first glance, the part of the sculpture that seems to stand out the most are the heads of the pharaoh and the queen. Corrections? entire priesthood of Egypt by making him and his Figure 2. Only the name of one of his queens is known, Khamerernebty II, Menkaure's full sister and daughter of Khamerernebty I. Is this fair? It means "Effective Spirit of the Aten". Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\): Heads (detail), King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, 2490-2472 B.C.E., greywacke, 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston), photo: 1910 (The Giza Archives . Source: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston He was considered the most righteous ruler of all. Three of Menkaure's queens are buried in small pyramids next to his at Giza, but their names are unknown. Theoretically, he expanded his reign from six to twelve years. The drawing surface would be delineated using gridded guidelines, snapped onto the wall using string coated in red pigment dust (very much like chalk lines used by modern carpenters). He explored color theory in relationship to music, logic, human emotion, and the spiritual underpinnings of the abstractions that for centuries had been viewed and absorbed through religious icons and popular folk prints in his native Russia. Not only is it a truly unique piece of work, but also it is a piece that is revolutionary for its time. She first served as co-ruler with her stepson Tuthmosis III, but later took power as a pharaoh herself. exposed to us as possible, while the figures Menkaure was known to have two wives and one of them was his own sister, Queen Khamerernebty II. However, the gods were not to be denied, and as the legend has it, Menkaure died after the six postulated calendar years. By contrast, the image of an Egyptian state official, Ka-Aper, who was not of royal rank, was created with a different idea. periods between-- art is consistent for Circumstances would suggest that she was only a consort-queen, and not the queen of the female line. Among these three pyramids, the largest and the fully completed one houses a statue of a Queen. This pyramid is the smallest among the three pyramids excavated in Giza necropolis, with a height of only 65.5 meters. The development of this idea was perhaps an inevitable phase of the abstraction and explorations of the formal means that had been conducted by various movements that evolved in nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The Great Pyramid site of Giza ended up with three pyramids. The pyramid of Menkaure had already been explored in 1834 by the British Richard Vyse, so Reisner focused on investigating other elements of the complex. Whereas her hips are wider than they would have been on a man. to Akhenaten, and yet a third daughter, the Thus, the Germans were given the sector of the pyramid of Khafre; the Italians, part of the cemetery located to the north of the pyramid of Khafre, and the North Americans were lucky enough to have the entire funerary complex of Pharaoh Menkaure, the architect of the smallest pyramid of the three that stand in Giza. Beth Harris "Do you realise that "Akhenaten" does not mean "The Aten is Happy" ? Such representations were more for a political statement, rather than a reflection of the way she actually looked. The pyramid of Menkaure has a remarkable interior. relationship to the god Aten. except for the rays that terminate right at the Menkaure had another son Sekhemre, as discovered from a statue at Menkaure's pyramid. Kandinsky, also Russian but working in Germany, wrote an important treatise entitled Concern- ing the Spiritual in Art (1912) that was widely popular and soon translated from the original German into many languages. Akhenaten liked Nefertiti a lot, so she's almost as big. It was produced during the 4th dynasty of Old Kingdom Egypt during the reign of King Mycerinus for the purpose of housing the souls of both the king and his wife after their deaths. Not much is known about this ruler, and the only source mentioning Menkaure (though not always reliable) is that of Herodotus and some legends. Menkaure is best known for his own pyramid at Giza, which is the smallest of the three pyramids at the site. (Figure 4.8) Because the king was regularly assessed with regard to his favor with the gods and fitness to rule, he was required to be in top physical condition or so he must appear in any official imagery. The statue seems to be in the same condition as when first created (although a little wear down but not notable pieces missing)., The technique the artist used to construct and design the item relied heavily on symmetry. And this was in such contrast One bore his successor, Shepseskaf, and the other bore him a daughter, Khentkawes, who would later mater . Strange Tale Of Mysterious Thousand-Year-Old Underground Network Of Caves And Encounters With Subterranean Dwellers, Unexplained Mystery Of The Glowing Woman Who Baffled Scientists, Most Detailed Geological Model Reveals Earths Past 100 Million Years, Ecological Improvement Of Freshwater Ecosystems Benefits Fish And People, Shiitake Mushrooms And Its Evolution A New Study, Scientists Use Satellites To Track Earth Greening Amid Climate Change, Augmented Reality Headset Enables Users To See Hidden Objects. A profile view of the face, This piece gives a look at Egyptian culture during this time and preserves the image of Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. I think you are confusing it with "Amenhotep" = "Amen is happy/content". 1473-1458 B.C., assumed the titles and functions of king she was portrayed in royal male costumes. youngest one, on her shoulder, playing with her earring. Direct link to drszucker's post Style quickly reverted to. It would have been an 1 Mikyla Avila Art History February 27, 2023 Comparison Essay: This essay will compare and contrast two works of art from the Egyptian Period in art history: the King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen, which was produced between 2490 and 2472 B.C.E. The Pharaoh died before his pyramid was finished. It's so informal, compared This little panel Sensuously modeled with a beautifully proportioned body emphasized by a clinging garment, she articulates ideal mature feminine beauty. We don't really know the motive, only that everything changed back almost immediately. Standing at around four feet eight inches, the sculpture of Menkaure and His Queen is estimated to have been created between 2548 to 2530 BC. It had been invited by Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service, and some of the great archaeologists of [] Answers: 1 on a question: What period of art they depict the pharaoh menkaure and his queen The vast foundation base of this pyramid was built of limestone and measured 108.5 meters in length. This necessity resulted in the idealization of the natural physical form. And, to some extent, all works are also abstract, in that they might remind us of what we see in the phenomenal world by only reflecting some physical feature(s) rather than detailing the object, place, or person itself. King Menkaure (Mycerinus) and queen. The burial chamber of this main pyramid lies to the west of its mortuary temple, where the large stone sarcophagus is found, which is totally made of basalt and bears hieroglyphic writings and decorations like a palace facade. Ceremonial gilded wooden shield from the tomb of Tutakhamun. medically wrong with Akhenaten. Discovery. Its great size is something truly remarkable, considering it was built in the New Kingdom of Ancient Egypt. in Egyptian art. It is almost 8 feet tall and almost 2.5 feet wide. LIke many pharaohs, he married his sister, Khamernebti II, to retain power. Wonderfully sensitive statues of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III confirm the return of conditions in which great work could be achieved. From this temple come the famous statues of Menkaure with his Queen and Menkaure with several deities. According to what's known today, Menkaure had 3 sons and 2 daughters. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. STEVEN ZUCKER: So let's On the other hand, the basalt sarcophagus could have belonged to Menkaure, but unfortunately, nobody had the opportunity to examine it. Harder stones include quartzite, diorite, granite, and basalt. Menkaure's unfinished pyramid was not higher than those of his father and grandfather, but the coating was beautifully polished, which can still be seen today. His eldest son was Crown Prince Khuenre, the son of Queen Khamerernebty II, who died at an early age, before his father. The sculpture was carved out of slate and has also been known as Menkaure and Khamerernebty. view of the body. The story preserved in the legends says that he met his death suddenly. is sitting on a simpler throne. Menkaure's queen was a woman named Khamerernebty II. On the left, you have Possible answers to your question might be found at: The size of the people in Egyptian art has to do with their importance. The majority were found in various stages of completion. The figures depicted in the sculpture are Pharaoh Menkaure and, who is thought to be Queen Khamerernebty II. In the twentieth century, though, this approach took on different character in some instances, with a stated rejection of the art as related to the natural world and concerned instead with the art itself, to the processes by which it was made, and with the product as referring to these processes and artistic qualities rather than to some out- side phenomenon: the observed world. It was meant to distinguish BETH HARRIS: When we (Figure 4.8) Because the king was regularly assessed with regard to his favor with the gods and fitness to rule, he was required to be in top physical condition or so he must . Menkaure is portrayed in the familiar Egyptian pose standing as if at attention with his left leg extended forward, his arms held stiff at his sides, and his fists clenched holding some unidentified cylindrical objects. The wooden mummy-shaped coffin reached the British Museum, but all efforts to locate the shipwreck and the lost basalt sarcophagus of Menkaure failed. During this time period, sculptures of kings depicted a more real look. His facial features are remarkably individualized with prominent eyes, a fleshy nose, rounded cheeks, and full mouth with protruding lower lip. Joseph Lindon Smith, illustrator of the expedition, recounts the moment of the discovery: I myself shared with Reisner the exciting opening of each of those rooms full of sculptures. To study idealization further, we will explore the evolution of nude male sculptural forms in ancient Greece. Carved circa 2532-2510 b.c.e., the Standing Sculpture of King Menkaure and Queen Kha-merer-nebu II is both a masterpiece of Egyptian sculpture and an illustration of the Egyptian conventions for representing a king and queen. This is a collection of images based on the bible story of The Birth of Moses.The images in this set are:Pharaoh, baby Moses in basket, baby Moses, Miriam by the water, Moses's mother sad, mother holding Moses, word art, Pharaoh angry, princess finding Moses in the water, princess, pyramid, soldier, soldier reading proclamation26 images (13 in . Their function is uncertain, although they possibly had both a cult and a political component; a way of indicating that Menkaure was the lord of the whole country. Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus) was unearthed in Late Bronze Age Hazor in a context postdating Menkaure's reign by more than a thousand years. And Maat answered the messengers: "Menkaure is kind and fair - that's why I shortened his life. Also, a great series of slate triads were never finished. This soon gave way, however, to a canon of art for the refined form. Even on carved relief, many elements in a scene would be executed only in paint and not cut into the surface. You can see all the shapes, from the ears to the mouth. Direct link to Yves's post The priests weren't real , Posted 10 years ago. What is the significance of the single ray without an ankh hitting Nefertiti's forehead? The human figures in the painting are depicted with their head in profile, the eyes and shoulders viewed frontally and with the hips, legs and feet in profile. According to the historian Manetho, Menkaure succeeded a king called Bikheris. The statue was found on January 10, 1910, during excavations carried out by members of Harvard University, in the temple of the Pyramid of Menkaure, near the Egyptian town of Giza. According to tradition, Menkaure was . )%2F04%253A_Describing_Art%2F4.03%253A_TYPES_OF_ART, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Pamela Sachant, Peggy Blood, Jeffery LeMieux, & Rita Tekippe, 4.3.3 Non-Representational or Non-Objective, http://www.museumsyndicate.com/item.php?item=27334, http://www.moma.org/interactives/exhtruct_jpg.html, https://www.moma.org/collection/works/45090?locale=en, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. private domestic environment-- is a perfect example of ), graywacke, c. 2490-2472 BCE (Museum of Fine Arts, Boston). Fragment of a sphinx of King Menkaure (Mycerinus). Most statuary was painted; even stones selected for the symbolism of their color were often painted. The Statue Ancient Egyptian Art King Menkaure and queen First of all they both face to the front as convention, but Menkaure's head is slightly unusually turned to his right. Direct link to Polina Viti's post After Akhenaten's death (, Posted 3 years ago. purely stylistic break. Figure 3. Alternate titles: Menkure, Mycerinus, Mykerinos. He also discovered the funerary chapels of the three satellite pyramids belonging to the wives of Menkaure and some tombs of funerary priests in charge of the royal cult. The statue is made of granite and is currently housed at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Her hand also looks lifelike, together with her feet. The artist creates these two individual of royalty under one strong power, were the male figure represent authority and is supported by the naturalistic female queen, which is slightly less powering., The Large Kneeling Statue of Hatshepsut is a magnificent piece of art located in the Egyptian section next to many other statues of the great pharaoh Hatshepsut. Direct link to ducie1's post Beth Harris "Do you reali, Posted 3 years ago. The figures of the Pharaoh Menkaure (r. c. 2530-c. 2510 BCE) and his Queen Khamerernebty are shown as being well proportioned, physically fit, and in young adulthood. Direct link to Vanna's post Why are the daughters dep, Posted 9 years ago. Ninkasi Sumerian Goddess Of Beer And Alcohol The Hymn To Ninkasi Is An Ancient Recipe For Brewing Beer, 3.6 Million-Year-Old Rare Skeleton Of Human Ancestor Revealed By Researchers In South Africa, First Leaf Fossils Study Reveals An Ancient 4 Million-Year-Old Forest In Borneo, Petronella Oortman And Her Giant Dolls House, TB Was Transmitted in South America DNA Study Shows How It Happened, Ancient City Filled With Treasures May Be Hidden Underground In South America, Remarkably Well-Preserved Thermopolium With Frescoes, Food, And Jars Discovered In Pompeii, Goibniu: The Sword Smith Of Tuatha De Danann Who Forged Weapons For Battles In Celtic Mythology. We can see the sun disk. But the shoulders Stories abound about the era in art and the push from abstraction to non-representation, with several artists claiming to have led the breakthrough. The pharaoh is always big. Menkaure and His Queen shows the two-people standing side by side and the queen has an arm wrapped around the pharaoh. We can see in the throne of Thus, to the amazement of the archaeologists, magnificent sculptural groups emerged from the rubble: eight sculptures of Greywacke (a type of sandstone) each composed of three characters: The pharaoh with the white crown of Upper Egypt; the goddess Hathor, with her characteristic headdress with two horns and the sun disk, and the personification of a nome or province of ancient Egypt. The subjects featured in the artwork are Pharaoh Menkaure and Queen Khamerernebty. Temples were closed, and the Egyptians - both free citizens and slaves - worked day and night, building pyramids for their rulers. The sculpture is just under life-size, 54 inches tall. Findspot: Egypt, Giza, Menkaura Valley Temple Medium/Technique Greywacke Dimensions Overall: 142.2 x 57.1 x 55.2 cm, 676.8 kg (56 x 22 1/2 x 21 3/4 in., 1492.1 lb.) The head would have helped to suggest the movement. Here Akhenaten says, no, Egyptian artists also used a variety of woods in their work, including the native acacia, tamarisk, and sycamore fig as well as fir, cedar, and other conifers imported from Syria. These images preserve traces of red paint on the kings skin indicating that, when completed and placed in his memorial temple near his pyramid, they would have appeared lifelike in coloration. And then we can see rays her importance and the fact that they would We really have a Figure 4. When you the face on profile you can see that it looks very lifelike. Image source. The response might be quite visceral or intellectual, nonetheless. The Great Sphinx. Menkaure (Mycerinus) and Khamerernebty(? It is carved out of a stone block and can be considered a high-relief sculpture. It must have been an incredible performance. Men standing in a high-ceilinged tomb chamber. The surface would be smoothed with a layer of plaster and then painted. of the iconography here. In the pyramid, there is one more, apparently false burial chamber. With time, the paint would have flaked away, revealing the black stone underneath and explicitly linking the deceased king with the Lord of the Underworld. During the reign of the Fourth Dynasty Pharaoh Sneferu forty great ships sailed to the Syrian coast, where Egyptians felled trees and towed the logs back to Egypt. So, when Hatshepsut, Dynasty 18, ca. A cache of royal jewelry from the tombs of Middle Kingdom princesses displays extremely high levels of skill in terms of design as well as precisely cut stone inlays, repouss, and cloisonn. immediately apparent that there's something wrong with their anatomy. As a pharaoh, Menkaure is remembered for his kindness and religiosity, unlike his father Khafre and grandfather Khufu. Following rulers dismantled temples (which had been abandoned) and eventually there was an attempt to basically write any evidence of Atenism out of history. The most basic point of style, perhaps, is type or category, whether a work is representational or abstract. His mother was Queen Khamerernebty I, as it was mentioned on a flint knife, discovered in his tomb. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Photo: Dr. Amy Calvert, CC BY-NC. Direct link to Sahnya Mehra's post It was probably just a mi, Posted 4 years ago. His name was also spelled as Menkaurain the ancient Egyptian dialect. ), { "4.01:_INTRODUCTION" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.02:_FORMAL_OR_CRITICAL_ANALYSIS" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.03:_TYPES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.04:_STYLES_OF_ART" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "4.05:_BEFORE_YOU_MOVE_ON" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_What_is_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_The_Structure_of_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Significance_of_Materials_Used_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Describing_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Meaning_in_Art" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Connecting_Art_to_Our_Lives" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Form_in_Architecture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Art_and_Identity" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Art_and_Power" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Art_and_Ritual_Life" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Art_and_Ethics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "authorname:psachantetal", "program:galileo" ], https://human.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fhuman.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FArt%2FBook%253A_Introduction_to_Art_-_Design_Context_and_Meaning_(Sachant_et_al.